AWS EKS
You can deploy Posit Workbench on top of AWS’s EKS service. In this architecture, users can leverage the scale, reliability, and availability of AWS EKS. With a Kubernetes back-end, user sessions and jobs run in isolated pods and potentially different base images.
An EKS-based architecture can support dozens to thousands of users, and is suitable for teams that both have experience with Kubernetes, Containers, and Helm, and also want high availability and reliability for their computational load based on demand. However, this relatively complex architecture is unnecessary for small teams with stable workloads.
Architectural overview
This architecture uses Helm in concert with other tools to run Posit Workbench in AWS EKS. It is recommended that it be deployed across three Availability Zones for the highest degree of availability and reliability. Posit’s public Helm charts are used to deploy Workbench into EKS alongside a Values file which will allow administrators to customize the deployment according to their needs.
AWS’s EKS includes the following as sub-components:
- An EKS Control Plane
- A Managed Node Group for persistent components, such as the main Posit Workbench server component
- A Karpenter node pool to manage auto-scaling of the Workbench Session nodes
This architecture also requires the following to run Posit Workbench:
- An Application Load Balancer (ALB) to balance requests across the multiple Workbench pods, spread across multiple Availability Zones
- An FSx for OpenZFS volume to store both Workbench configuration and user home directories
- This component can only be deployed in a maximum of two Availability Zones.
- An RDS PostgreSQL database to store Posit Workbench metadata
- This component can only be deployed in a maximum of two Availability Zones.
The following Helm charts need to be installed in the target EKS cluster before installing Workbench:
The minimum version of Kubernetes required for this architecture is 1.30.
Architecture diagram
Sizing and performance
Nodes
EC2 instance types should be chosen so that a number of sessions can fit on them without leaving too much infrastructure idle on average. The size and type of instances will depend on the needs and the type of workloads of the end users. For the best experience, estimate how many concurrent sessions will run at a given time and how many compute resources will be needed for each session, with a particular focus on CPU and memory. The ideal instance type to choose is one that can handle two or three such average use-case sessions at the same time.
Another important consideration is that your instance type must be able to support the largest size of session that may be run in the cluster. In most cases the t3 type instances will be insufficient. Common choices are C6i, C7i, M6i, M7i, R6i, R7i instances. The selection between C, M and R instance types should be made based on the expected memory usage per CPU core.
Karpenter allows administrators to choose multiple instance types by supplying a list of acceptable instance types to the node.kubernetes.io/instance-type label, which is a well-known label implemented by AWS. For more details, See the Karpenter documentation for Instance Types in the Node Pools chapter. More complex instance definitions can be set with combinations of well-known labels and Karpenter-specific labels.
PostgreSQL & MySQL database
This configuration puts little stress on the database. Up to 5,000 concurrent sessions with a db.t3.micro instance have been tested with no notable performance degradation.
Storage
For this architecture, FSx for OpenZFS is recommended instead of Regional EFS or Single Zone EFS because it provides much better performance while still allowing for deployment in multiple Availability Zones, increasing the resiliency of the system.
FSx for OpenZFS volumes are provisioned in 1.2 TB chunks; however, this amount can be shared across all user home directories, Workbench configuration, and Workbench state storage. Workbench’s filesystem usage for configuration and state storage is modest – likely less than a few GB for a production system – therefore, the size of your FSx for OpenZFS volume will depend almost entirely on end-user usage patterns. Some data science teams store very little in their home directories and will only need a few GB per person. Other teams may download large files into their home directories and will need much more. Administrators should consult with their user groups to determine the appropriate size.
Resiliency and availability
This architecture includes Posit Workbench in at least three separate pods, configured in a load-balanced setup with each pod in one of the three Availability Zones, making it resilient to failures of one pod or Availability Zone. RDS and FSx in two of those zones allow for backup and redundancy configuration within the service.
This deployment is configured across three different AWS Availability Zones (AZ) to protect as much as possible against the loss of any single Availability Zone.
Configuration details
Core
Almost all of the components should be deployed inside a private subnet in each of the three AZs. The exceptions are the multi-AZ RDS and the FSx for OpenZFS volume, which can only be deployed in a maximum of two AZs. A target EKS cluster will also need to be configured. The only component that should be deployed in the public subnet is the ALB, which will provide users with access to Posit Workbench over the internet.
Networking
This architecture is using the AWS Load Balancer Controller to be able to configure the ALB by setting annotations in Helm. For more information about setting up the AWS Load Balancer Controller, see the AWS Load Balancer Controller GitHub repository.
The ExternalDNS Helm chart is used to create the DNS either from an ingress or a service within Kubernetes through annotations in Helm. For more information about setting up ExternalDNS in the EKS cluster, see this ExternalDNS tutorial.
Helm
Posit provides Helm charts that can be used to deploy Posit Workbench in a Kubernetes-based environment. The Helm charts offer a great deal of flexibility to allow administrators to control exactly how they would like their environment to be configured. This document does not cover all possible configuration options, but instead focuses on the settings that will enable administrators to get this environment up and running quickly.
If you wish to customize further, Posit provides examples of how to modify the Posit Helm charts in the Posit Helm Charts guide.
Container Images
To use this architecture, a minimum of two images will be needed: one for the Workbench nodes and one for starting sessions. Administrators may choose to create additional images for sessions that have different combinations of R, Python, or other dependencies. For more information about configuring multiple session images, see the launcher-sessions-container-image and launcher-session-container-images options in the Launcher Configuration chapter.
Posit provides the follow images as examples or starting points for use in containerized environments such as this architecture:
RDS
A multi-AZ RDS instance should be configured with an empty PostgreSQL database for the Posit Workbench metadata. This RDS instance needs to be reachable by all Workbench hosts.
Autoscaling
This architecture provides auto-scaling of the node group that will be used for sessions and Workbench Jobs through Karpenter. For the best experience with auto-scaling, we strongly recommend that session timeouts be enabled wherever possible. All Workbench session types except VS Code sessions currently support a suspension or exit timeout after a certain period of inactivity. By default, RStudio Pro sessions will automatically suspend after two hours of inactivity. Administrators can control how long it takes for an RStudio Pro session to suspend via the session-timeout-minutes setting in the rsession.conf file. JupyterLab and Jupyter Notebook sessions are also configured by default to exit after a period of inactivity. See the Jupyter Configuration chapter in our Administration Guide for more information.
VS Code sessions do not currently support exiting after a period of inactivity. As a result, if VS Code pods are placed on nodes in the Karpenter node group they will remain until manually exited by a user. This can prevent Karpenter from scaling down nodes when it usually would. Therefore, it is recommended that the EKS cluster and Workbench be configured to ensure that VS Code session pods will be placed on the standard Managed NodeGroup where the Posit Workbench pods will be running. In order to achieve this, the Karpenter nodes must be configured with a taint, and Workbench must be configured to set the same toleration on all RStudio Pro and Jupyter sessions. In addtion, Workbench must also set a Karpenter affinity on the same set of sessions. For more information about taints and tolerations, see the Kubernetes documentation for Taints and Tolerations.
To do this, first configure a taint on the Karpenter nodes with a key of workload, a value of sessions, and an effect of NoSchedule.
Then, to configure the toleration and affinity on the Workbench side, the default job.tpl and service.tpl provided with the Workbench Helm Charts will need to be overridden. Copy the job.tpl and service.tpl files from the Workbench Helm charts into a new location. Then, add the affinity and the same toleration to all RStudio Pro and Jupyter sessions by adding the following block to the job.tpl file directly below the linked line:
{{- if not (has "rstudio-vscode-session" .Job.tags) }}
affinity:
nodeAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
nodeSelectorTerms:
- matchExpressions:
- key: "type"
operator: "In"
values:
- "karpenter"
tolerations:
- key: "workload"
operator: "Equal"
value: "sessions"
effect: "NoSchedule"
{{- end }}Finally, modify values.yaml to replace the default templates in the launcher block with the extra templates:
launcher:
enabled: True
useTemplates: True
extraTemplates:
job.tpl: '<the entire contents of the copied and modified job.tpl>'
service.tpl: '<the entire contents of the original service.tpl>'
includeDefaultTemplates: FalseUser authentication
It is possible to configure Posit Workbench with OpenID or SAML-based SSO for authentication, and to use an IdP for user provisioning. See the Authenticating Users and User Provisioning chapters respectively for more information.
FSx for OpenZFS
The FSx for OpenZFS volume will host user home directories, server configuration, and server state. The volume must be created before the Helm charts are deployed. Once the file system is created, a Persistent Volume (PV) can be added to the EKS cluster using a Helm chart. The Required Configuration section of the Posit Workbench Helm chart README includes instructions on how to configure a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) for the EKS cluster.
While we recommend using FSx for OpenZFS as the file system for this architecture, it is possible to use other file systems with Posit Workbench. Workbench has the following requirements for file systems if you choose not to use our recommended approach:
- POSIX compliance
- Read-write-many support